Glass is a perplexing solid that is strong yet delicate and transparent yet colorful. Depending on the thickness, shape, and purpose, glass objects can insulate bulletproof cars or hold a cup of water. While each glass manufacturer will create their glass in slightly different ways, glass container production features some overarching similarities. Here is a step-by-step guide to how glass is made.
Starting With Raw Materials
Glass is a composite product made from several raw materials, the most prominent of which is sand. In some glass manufacturing settings, silica can replace the sand, but it’s the essential ingredient in the mix. Sand and silica have incredibly high boiling points and since you must melt them to make glass, technicians add sodium carbonate to reduce this high temperature. To offset other chemical changes, they also add calcium carbonate or calcium oxide. After this point, many glass manufacturers will include color and metal additives for the desired effects—namely, a distinct hue or electrical properties.
Melting and Pouring
Once a technician has all the raw materials in place, they will move on to the melting and pouring phase. Melting is crucial to the glassmaking process since sand on its own will not change form until heated above a certain point. Heat structurally changes the sand, making it into an amorphous solid with liquid-like properties. Glass, rubber, and plastic all possess certain flexibilities due to molecular differences with other solids, allowing manufacturers to mold and shape them at will.
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Cooling and Finishing
The cooling process will take some time, as the glass must come down from an incredibly high temperature. Once the molded glass takes its new form, glass workers can take the new shape out of the mold and add finishing touches. This could also include blowing and turning the glass for a personalized touch.
This step-by-step guide to how glass is made only scratches the surface of the glassmaking industry. There’s so much more to learn about glassblowing, stained glass, and tin bath window glass.
